Install Development Tools

1. Basic compilers and tools:

sudo apt-get -y install build-essential autoconf manpages-dev

2. (optional) GNU multi-precision arithmetic library:

sudo apt-get -y install libgmp3-dev libgmp3-doc

3. (optional) OpenGL and SDL development:

sudo apt-get -y install libglew-dev libsdl1.2-dev libsdl-ttf2.0-dev libsdl-image1.2-dev libsdl-mixer1.2-dev
sudo apt-get -y install ftgl-dev libsdl-net1.2-dev libsdl-sound1.2-dev
sudo apt-get -y install libxxf86vm-dev

Note that in order to get compile with FTGL, you might need to do the following:

sudo ln -s /usr/include/freetype2/freetype /usr/include/freetype

Source: http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~djm/ubuntu/#devtools

OpenGL Support:

sudo apt-get -y install libg++2.8.1.3-dbg libg++2.8.1.3-dev libg++2.8.1.3-glibc2.2 libgcc1 c-cpp-reference doc++ libstdc++5 libstdc++6 libstdc++6-dbg libstdc++6-dev libstdc++6-doc manpages-es-extra

sudo apt-get -y install freeglut3 freeglut3-dbg freeglut3-dev ftgl-dev gle-doc glut-doc glutg3 glutg3-dev libglu1-mesa libglu1-mesa-dev libglut3 libglut3-dev mesa-common-dev mesa-utils

Alternativa:
sudo apt-get -y install glut-doc glutg3 glutg3-dev libglu1-mesa libglu1-mesa-dev libglut3 libglut3-dev mesa-common-dev mesa-utils

Source: http://www.ubuntu-es.org/index.php?q=node/55991

If SDL is missing:

sudo apt-get -y install libsdl-net1.2 libsdl-net1.2-dev

Source: http://www.ubuntu-es.org/index.php?q=node/56316

More libraries:

sudo apt-get -y install libgtk1.2-dev autoconf pkg-config libxine-dev libxkbfile-dev libsqlite3-dev giblib-dev libxmu-dev libxdamage-dev libxcomposite-dev libtag1-dev
sudo apt-get -y install libid3tag0-dev libpng12-dev libtiff4-dev libungif4-dev libjpeg62-dev libssl-dev libfreetype6-dev bison flex xlibs-dev gettext libimlib2-dev libxml2-dev libxcursor-dev
sudo apt-get -y install build-essential cvs libtool libltdl3-dev automake1.9 autotools-dev libpopt-dev libcurl3-dev libx11-dev x11proto-xext-dev libbz2-dev